Aspects of Family Law

Parts of Family Law Youngsters are the future and the consideration which is given to the government assistance, training and assurance of kids is generally perceived as delivering profits in their later years. Kids are one of the most powerless creatures in our general public and that is the reason the insurance of the youngsters are one of the most significant rights to maintain in the public arena. This task will basically talk about territories that maintain these rights, for example, the constitution viewing articles, for example, 41 and 42, enactment, different lawful and social arrangements and youngsters in the criminal equity framework. This task will likewise incorporate three proposals about improving the position and government assistance of kids in the Irish society. CONSTITUTION The primary zone that maintains youngsters rights is the Irish Constitution, Bunreacht na hEireann. This crucial authoritative report sets out how Ireland ought to be represented and the privileges of Irish residents, (Constitution n.d). In the constitution, Article 41[1] alludes to the family. This article gives the family rights, which exceed some other rights. It is an uncommon security from the State to concede the perfect condition to bring up a youngster, (Ferguson and Kenny 1995). The State ensures and values the family however just as a unit. This unit alludes to a wedded family, which reasons that this insurance is just to a hitched family. The nuclear family in Ireland has self-governance well beyond that of the individual individuals from the family, (Geoffrey 2003).ã‚â Once the guardians are not hitched, the dad has no protected rights to his youngster, (Nestor 2004). Article 41 reveres the assurance of the family from undue obstruction by the State and named the equ alization institutionally towards the charm of parental rights and the base intercession end of the continuum, (Duncan 1993). Article 42[2] states that the absolute first individuals to instruct a youngster are the guardians. This is an obligation that is forced by the Constitution and as a byproduct of this obligation, the authority and guardianship are ensured to the family. The State gatekeeper of the benefit of everyone likewise gives free instruction to the youngsters. Then again, Article 42 isn't all pretty much training. Article 42.5[3] infers that when guardians neglect to take care of and care accurately after their youngsters, the State will step in and mediate. The insurances that will happen will be the State turning into the parent of the kid or discover substitute guardians. The components that permits the State to mediate range from youngster misuse, disregard and intense cases. Anyway the Constitution despite everything didn't characterize the privileges of kids as particular from those of the Family, (Childrens Rights Alliance, Childrens Rights 2012). With this article, kids were still obse rved as a belonging or having a place and not a person with rights. On the tenth November 2012, the individuals of Ireland held a choice so as to change to text of Article 42.5. Article 42.5 was erased and Article 42A was embedded, (Quinn 2012). The authoritative point of view of this Act was about the childs wellbeing and since it was instituted kids were conceded a similar principal and unenumerated rights as grown-ups, (Childrens Rights Alliance, Childrens Rights 2012). This Act puts youngsters first and sees a kid not similarly as a having a place. Moreover, Article 42A gives the youngster a decision to settle on their own choice yet the perspectives on the kid will be verified offset with respect to age and development of kid. Prior to the choice, there were some genuine catastrophes, one shocking case, in what a great many people until this day state, the youngsters associated with this calamity were fizzled by everybody around them, even Judge Miriam Reynolds (RIP) concurred with this statement[4]. Mrs An, a mother of six kids, was condemned b ecause of her conviction for interbreeding, disregard and abuse. Everyone had bombed these kids because the reality the Western Health Board had been included since 1996, however the youngsters had not been taken into care until 2004. Ms Laverne McGuiness, National Director of Integrated Services Directorate in the HSE remarked on the circumstance, youngsters let down severely by society㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦.we can guarantee in quite far, that no other kid, as to face such an unspeakable disaster until kingdom come. Since frightful disasters like this, the childs wellbeing will consistently be put first, from this ever happening again. Article 42A is there in the constitution to explicitly shield kids from these awful circumstances they happen to be in. The Constitution is the principal law of State. The Constitution builds the intercommunication between the State and grown-ups, including youngsters and provides the guidance to the Oireachtas and Courts on the most proficient method to adjust every one of their inclinations and rights. Article 42A thinks about the helpless circumstance of a youngster, in that they are to a great extent subject to grown-ups for their consideration and are frequently frail to legitimize and maintain their own privileges. The Constitution was revised with the goal that family and the youngster can be isolated and that the childs life and rights are reflected to the guardians. Besides, it was revised to set up for a progressively productive youngster assurance framework, (Childrens Rights Alliance, Childrens Rights 2012). In the interest of the kid, 42A is an established improvement for the assurance of youngsters and with trust, no more cases, for example, the Roscommon Child Care Case will happen once more. A suggestion about improving the childs wellbeing and government assistance in Irish society will begin with changing our Constitution. The Constitution, with respect to the kid has now improved however there is as yet one segment, which needs creating: Article 41 concerning the Family. Article 41 doesn't perceived an unmarried couple with a youngster as a family, (Nestor 2004). This is a grave issue, as unmarried guardians are not viewed as a family. Article 41 doesn't secure unmarried couples as it does with wedded couples. This gives issues with the protected rights and there will be an issue to mediate. The dad likewise has no care or guardianship to this youngster, on the off chance that he and the mother are not hitched, except if he applies for the guardianship. This is uncalled for, obsolete and ought to be changed. It ought to be changed for the childs wellbeing and government assistance as it isn't the childs concern if their folks are hitched or unmarried. Enactment. The Child Care Act 1991 is an essential bit of enactment, which protects a childs wellbeing and safety[5]. It controls all kid insurance and it forces a positive compulsory commitment on the HSE to advance the government assistance of a kid in its zone who are not accepting satisfactory consideration and security (Ireland, Department of Children and Youth Affairs, 2010). The Child Care Act 1991 (which I will state 1991 Act for the rest of this task), is an affirmation to Article 42.5 to indicate the rights and give the requirements to youngsters. It is an away from of states commitments as for the security of youngsters in danger, (Ferguson and Kenny 1995). (Nestor 2004) The administrative planned of the courts will consistently be in the childs wellbeing. [1] Article 41ã‚â °. [2] Article 42ã‚â °. [3] Article 42.5ã‚â °. [4] Roscommon Child Care Case. [5] Child Care Act 1991.

Making Planned Giving Work For You Essay Example For Students

Making Planned Giving Work For You Essay Making Planned Giving Work For YouPlanned giving system tips for each organizationLawrence Henze,J.D.,Managing Director,Blackbaud AnalyticsGolden Age of Philanthropy Americans will move in any event $41 trillion between 1998-2052,according to an investigation 1 by theSocial Welfare Research Institute at any rate $6 trillion of that financing will bebequests to charity,according to creators Paul Schervish and John Havens,who composed that agolden period of magnanimity is dawning.With such a large number of generous dollars up for grabs,nonpro #64257;ts need to situate themselves tocapture a portion of the wealth.Research from the National Committee on Planned Giving 2 showsthat albeit 42 percent of Americans have wills,only around nine percent have included causes. In any case, when good cause are included,they stay:97 percent said they had not disavowed a charitableprovision.An extra 14 percent of those studied said they had considered remembering acharitable estate for their wills despite the fact that no nonpro #64257;t has requested that they do so.This leavesa to a great extent undiscovered market. About Planned GivingPlanned giving,once called conceded giving,refers to any magnanimous blessing that requires morethought and wanting to execute than the normal donation.Planned giving has generally beende #64257;ned as the blessing that an individual makes close to the finish of their lifetime.There are manykinds of arranged gifts,from straightforward inheritances in a will or a home plan,to annuities,charitableremainder trusts,charitable lead trusts,pooled income,life protection and life bequests. Nonpro #64257;ts regularly experience difficulty making sure about arranged gifts.Why?The answer for the most part comes down tofour fundamental factors:targeting an inappropriate prospects,sending an inappropriate appeal,asking past the point of no return andsoliciting arranged blessing possibilities for significant endowments rather so the association can get the moneymore rapidly. Numerous causes expect that their significant blessing contributors will be their best possibilities for arranged endowments. At the point when these requesting fail,organizations are left with the feeling that arranged giving isjust not directly for them.Other associations send expansive based arranged offering mailings to olderWhite PaperExecutive SummaryDeveloping a fruitful arranged giving system can be a complex undertaking.But it is one that is definitely justified even despite the difficulty. Broad research has indicated that arranged giving is about ways of life and loyalty,not wealth.Many associations despite everything think theyhave to #64257;nd the tycoons in their database to make sure about arranged gifts.The truth:everyone in your yearly store program hasthe potential to be an arranged giver.This implies you have more command over the procedure than you think.Equipped with solidinformation and the correct advertising strategy,your association can construct an effective arranged giving system. Making Planned Giving Work for You1ContentsGolden Age of Philanthropy 1About Planned Giving .1What Makes a Planned Gift Donor 2Using Research to IdentifyYour Best Prospects ..3Using Marketing to Reach Out toYour Best Prospects ..4Conclusion 5Appendix A:Types of Planned Gifts ..61 Millionaires and the Millennium:NewEstimates of the Forthcoming Wealth Transferand the Prospects for a Golden Age ofPhilanthropy ,by Paul G.Schervish and JohnJ.Havens.Social Welfare Research Institute,Boston College,Boston,MA,October 1999. 2 Planned Giving in the United States 2000:A Survey of Donors .National Committee onPlanned Giving.

Areas of Psychology

Malinda S. Kline March 13, 2013 Module 1: Assignment 3 PSY:101 General Psychology A03 KlineM_W1_A3. doc Instructor Angela Snelling Areas of Specialization Number |Subjects of study in |Areas of specialization in |Definition and key purposes of this specialization (be|Rationale (motivation behind why you coordinated |Possible research technique for | |psychology (coordinate with underneath |sure to utilize proficient sources) |this subject of study with this |study (test, | |options) | |specialization in brain research) |correlational, observational, | |case study, meeting) and why | |this one may fit the best | |1 | |Definition |I picked Biological Psychology for |Observational Research-would be| | |Studying the reasons for |Biological brain research or |â€Å"A science worried about the reconciliation of |this subject of study since it |used to see when a person’s | |aggression in response to |Neuropsychologist |psychological perception on conduct and the brain |basically as sesses cause and |behavior changes and if any | |others in their condition. | |Neurological Observations on the cerebrum and apprehensive |effect. On the off chance that something is causing a |outside factors instigated the | |system. † (Neuropsychology definition, 2013) |person to be forceful to others |behavior. | |in a specific situation then | |Key Points |something Biological could be |Interview-would be utilized to ask | |â€Å"Biological standards to the investigation of mental |going on. Organic Psychology |the individual why they became | |processes and behavior.The field inspects the basic|and Neuropsychologists study this |aggressive to an individual. By | |biological forms that underlie typical and |behavior to discover why, and how |asking the subject this directly| | |abnormal conduct at the degree of nerves, |to stop or forestall it further. |you get their side of the story | |neurotransmitters, and mind hardware. † (Humphreys,| |and not simply surmising s. | |2011) | |2 | |Definition |I picked Developmental Psychology |Observational Research-could be| | |Studying the period when a |Developmental brain science |â€Å"Branch of brain science worried about changes in |for this subject in light of the fact that the time |used in light of the fact that it’s watching a | |newborn youngster perceives his| |cognitive, persuasive, psychophysiological, and |that an infant kid perceives |subject’s conduct for something| | |or her parent. | |social working that happen all through the human |his guardians is a piece of |specific or vague. It | |life length. † (Developmental Psychology, 2013) |Development.Developmental |would be a decent report in light of the fact that | |Psychology contemplates the subjective |the best way to tell the | |Key Points |functioning of an individual over their|development of a kid or person| | |â€Å"Infant insight, calculated turn of events, language |life length. It assists with saying at wh at|is to watch them. | |acquisition, and the improvement of representative |point in life people will create | |competence. † (University of Illinois Board of |certain characteristics, aptitudes, and |Correlation Research-could be | |Trustees , 2009) |abilities. utilized in light of the fact that it shows a | |relationship between two | |â€Å"Focuses on the mental changes of the human | |variables. The factors would | |mind for the duration of the life expectancy. Formative | |be the child’s conduct, and how| | |psychologists study newborn children, the old, and each | |other kids this age carry on. | |age in the middle. † (Humphreys, 2011) | |3 | |Definition |I picked Social and Personality |Correlation Research-would be | |Sharing some exploration about |Social and character |â€Å"Understanding how individuals think, feels, and acts in |Psychology for this subject |good to assess what adapting | |the best methodologies to | |real-world social circumstances. † (Psychology |because it identifies with how individuals |skills influence what stress. | |manage work place pressure. | |Department, Cornell University , 2008) |respond to worry at work.Social | |and Personality Psychology studies|Interview-would be acceptable because| | |Key Points |a character and how that |you can put forth a Defense Study out of| | |â€Å"How individuals understand their general surroundings. † |particular character reacts to|interviewing a few people | |(Psychology Department, Cornell University , 2008) |different circumstances, similar to work |about their adapting aptitudes, and | |stress as in the example.It helps|how they assist them with overseeing work | |evaluate how individuals appreciate the|related stressors. | |world around them and react to | |the circumstances. | |4 | |Definition |I picked Health Psychology for this|Case Study/Experimental-would | Determining which substance |Health brain science |â€Å"Physical Health can be influe nced by the things that |subject in light of the fact that wellbeing brain science |be great since you are actually| | |or synapse may be| |people do, by the manner in which they process data, |studies how synthetics influence a |testing the inquiry. You are | |activated when individuals use | |career decision, relational intricacies, life inconveniences and |person’s wellbeing, and mental |performing a trial by | |coffee as a memory or | |the condition in which we live. † (Dr. Cheryl |health. Wellbeing brain science considers |taking subjects and uncovering | |performance â€Å"enhancer†. |MacDonald, 2013) |how certain contributing variables |them to specific synthetic concoctions and | |can influence a person’s capacity to |studying the aftereffects of tests, | |Key Points |remember things, or actuate |brain filters, basic inquiries, | |â€Å"Exploring natural, mental, social, |different synapses in the|etc. | |societal, and ecological components of lif e, and how|brain. | |each of these influences physical wellbeing. † (Dr.Cheryl | |MacDonald, 2013) | |5 | |Definition |I picked Cognitive Psychology for |Observational Research-would be| | |Reviewing the idea |Cognitive brain science |â€Å"A part of brain research worried about mental |this subject since this investigations |good for this circumstance on the grounds that | |process of somebody who has | |processes (as recognition, thinking, learning, and |the mental procedures of the cerebrum. |the subject might have the option to | |difficulties recalling | |memory) particularly as for the inner |If an individual is having issues |remember certain things, or only| | |things long haul. |events happening between tactile incitement and the|remembering things some place there|can recollect things for a | |overt articulation of behaviorâ€compare† (Merriam |is a miss correspondence in the |certain measure of time. This is | |Webster Incorperated, 2013)â |brain influenc ing the person’s |where Case Study or Experimental| | |memory. Intellectual Psychology |Research could be utilized also | |Key Points |studies the cerebrum to discover a way to|to study the mind further.Te | |â€Å"â (1) Human insight can at any rate on a fundamental level be |help individuals recall or discover |see why the subject is | |fully uncovered by the logical technique, that is, |how to address the issue with |forgetting things and what the | |individual parts of mental procedures can be |the memory, either by medicine |person is overlooking. | |identified and understood† ((Costall and Still, |or conceivable clinical techniques or |Interview-will likewise work great | |1987; Dreyfus, 1979; Searle, 1990) (Dosher, 2007)) |a explicit learning cooperation. since you need to meet a | |person to perceive what they can and | |â€Å"(2) Internal mental procedures can be portrayed in | |can’t do. | |terms of rules orâ algorithmsâ in data | |processing model s. There has been a lot of late debate| | |on these presumptions. ( (Costall and Still, 1987; | |Dreyfus, 1979; Searle, 1990) (Dosher, 2007)) | |6 | |Definition |I picked Clinical Psychology for |Interview Research-would be the| | |Methods to increase conceivable |Clinical Psychology or |â€Å"The field of Clinical Psychology incorporates |this subject since this is the |best alternative for this circumstance | |diagnoses in endeavors to |Clinical Psychologists |science, hypothesis, and practice to comprehend, |beginning procedure of mental health|because you need to meet a | |understand passionate | |predict, and reduce maladjustment, inability, |treatment. Clinical Psychologists |person to discover how they are | |problems. |and inconvenience just as to advance human |perform assessments on patients to|feeling, to discover how they | |adaptation, modification, and self-improvement. † |diagnose and treat mental |respond to circumstances. | |(American Psychological Associatio n, 2013) |illnesses, or assist individuals with adapting | |with unpleasant circumstances in their|Observational Research-is | |Key Points lives by showing adapting aptitudes. |another great investigation for this | |â€Å"intellectual, passionate, organic, psychological,|Clinical brain research is a type of |situation in light of the fact that occasionally a | |social, and conduct parts of human working |treatment to pick up data |person can say something yet | |across the life expectancy, in changing societies, and at |about an individual so as to treat |their activities are the inverse. | |all financial levels† (American Psychological |them for passionate unsettling influences |For model if an individual says | |Association, 2013) |they might be having, so they can |they’re not pitiful but rather their | |live a superior and progressively profitable |actions are crying you can tell | |life. |with perception that the person| | |is extremely tragic. | Bibliography

Summary Response Essay Topics Explained

Summary Response Essay Topics Explained Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Summary Response Essay Topics Is Wrong Regardless of the sort of paper, understanding the prerequisites of the essay underlies the important aspect to a fast and effortless management of your script. References in case you have used other sources in you review you ought to also have a list of references at the close of the review. This kind of essay needs to be written from the very first person standpoint. A response essay enables a learner to answer an idea or information in an official way. Bear in mind, your view is the thing that dictates a response paper. If you're not a speed reader, you're missing out. You are able to also do some investigating to learn more about the points to discuss as a way to present a logical and compelling review. Summary Present an overview of the critical points together with a limited number of examples. To begin with, it's never feasible for anyone else to define one's gender in their opinion. Basically you find out how you would like to proceed imagining the entire process mentally, then you get started working through it. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Dont forget to compose your essay in the very first person because you are discussing your very own personal feelings to a specific matter. A very simple response isn't enough to keep the audience interested. Based on the approach which you will want to pursue, there are particular considerations about how to compose a reaction paper t o a documentary that you ought to make. So think what you find the most fascinating and what has lots of research potential. As the impact of globalization is increasing, English language has turned into the lingua-franca of every individual. Even though the response may start to tackle the assigned task, it features no development. Each paragraph is going to have a topic sentence that is among the reasons to believe the thesis. In a summary, you should paraphrase the principal thoughts of a bit of writing in your paper. Look back over your annotated text and pick out the portions that you want to have in your essay. Developing a summary and response essay can be a difficult undertaking. Before writing the essay, it's important to select an intriguing topic. Don't forget that the essay is dependent on what you think and feel. Now you understand how to compose a response essay! Writing a response essay is quite much like preparing an analytical one, as you are going to analyze the material and provide an explanation to analysis outcomes. Make an outline An outline is a very simple plan showing how you mean to present the review. It is a separate piece of paper, which serves as a plan for you. The way the business management team plays a huge part in consumer behaviour analysis. The War Against Summary Response Essay Topics A summary grid is a beneficial tool for helping students to pull main ideas from a text before organizing them in a bit of writing. Google's objective is to ultimately earn a search engine that will know just what someone wishes to see. So lets have a look at some examples to illustrate what you might have to do in your work. Allow it to be baby-easy to receive your perspective. If you don't understand a word or term it's up you to rectify the circumstance. In any case, your reaction may also make an overall address to the full documentary without picking parts. If you'd like to read not just an example, but an example that's close to your assignment, you can select a topic by typing topic keywords in the very first line. Then, under this issue type choose Critical and pick the proper subject location. Towards the close of the article it will become clear he wants readers to think that it's not a great thing. On the finished part, you may also compare the documentary with others in the exact genre or subject in order to create readers have better comprehension of the review. Unlike the summary it is made up of your opinions in connection with the article being summarized. Unlike the summary, it's composed of YOUR opinions in connection with the article being summarized. You are able to either opt to support the arguments or ideas in the movie, or concentrate on disputing them. You should come up with an idea based on the way in which the documentary touched you. The chosen approach in the Rolling Stones might be criticized for the simple fact that the magazine's focus is mostly depending on the pop-culture. To put it differently, you've got to analyze the chosen topic. So, as much as possible, make certain to restate your ideas and opinion that you've already raised in some sections of your essay. A response essay is intended to describe your side on whether you agree or disagree with a specific topic. Having to compose a response essay usually means that you ought to think of an answer to a book, article, event, etc..

A Brief Note On Euthanasia And The United States - 882 Words

History of Euthanasia in the U.S. Euthanasia is the act or practice, killing of permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy killing. Far more controversial, active euthanasia involves causing the death of a person through a direct action. In response to a request from the person. Euthanasia itself been around for as long as the history of medicine. This euthanasia is enormous and have long history in the United States. This so called euthanasia, started in 5 B.C. in Ancient Greece. Hippocratic Oath believed to have been written by Hippocrates. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians stating they will practice medicine ethically and honestly. However, most doctors tend to ignored this rule and basically did whatever they wanted. Euthanasia was not accepted in American colonies during the 17th century. This believed to be morally wrong and unnatural. The majority of people that lived in the American colonies were Christians. Euthanasia was against their morals and others. Euthanasia in the United States was still believed to be wrong and was unaccepted in the late 18th century. A few states decriminalized it during the Revolutionary War. Even with it being decriminalized, many people were still very against it. People would take drastic measures to try and heal their family, but suicide or mercy-killing was not an option for them. Finally, during 1828, New York makes the firs t lawShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Is The Other Form And It Takes Place Against The Patient s Consent1005 Words   |  5 PagesInvoluntary euthanasia is the other form and it takes place against the patient’s consent. Finally, non-voluntary euthanasia is whereby a physician carries out the act despite the fact that the patient does not have the ability to make the decision. To understand the slippery slope here, it is important to take note of the fact that all these forms of euthanasia are morally demeaning since they do not uphold the right to life. Legalizing PAS would, therefore, imply that the right to life is beingRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1580 Words   |  7 Pagesto explore the prospects of physician assisted suicide as for the greater good and as a modern ethical obligation. Gorsuch, Neil M.. â€Å"Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia.† Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2006. 1-24, 180-200. 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IT Project Management - 2632 Words

1. Discuss the reasons why IT projects fail. Although there are many contributing factors to project failure, there are six common factors. 1. Undeveloped Project Goals: Poor project planning will almost always lead to failure. One main reason for this failure is the inability to agree on the missions, goals, or objectives that the project is attempting to undertake. It is necessary that specific plans and requirements for the project are instituted in the development phase. Failure to do this will most likely result in â€Å"fragmented efforts† and a â€Å"lack of team focus† for the duration of the project. It is equally important to make sure that the chosen goals and objectives are within reach of the project and team. If the intricacy or†¦show more content†¦While research has shown has that schedule overruns often lead to failure more often than budget overruns, maintaining both are key to a successful project. 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Attitudes Towards Jewish Migration to Australia in the 1930s free essay sample

Describe and account for attitudes towards Jewish migration to Australia in the 1930s (distinguishing between political and public attitudes). Did Australian policy towards Jewish refugees change significantly during and after war from what had prevailed in the 1930s? How would you explain the policy continuity or change? Throughout the 20th Century, the policy adopted by Australia towards Jewish migration can best be described as one of restriction and limitation. Australian political and public attitudes during the 1930s were influenced by fears of the Jewish community’s inability to assimilate into Australian culture, the threat that they may have posed on job security and standards of living as well as the potential for their arrival to stimulate extreme anti-Semitism problems within Australia. The outbreak of war and the publication of Jewish persecution in Europe did little to alter the feelings of insecurity towards Jewish communities in Australia. While there were some attempts to increase the arrival of Jewish people after World War II, the sentiment of the majority of the Australian population remained unchanged and restrictions on immigration were still enforced. We will write a custom essay sample on Attitudes Towards Jewish Migration to Australia in the 1930s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This theme of underlying racial prejudice continued to shape Australian policy throughout this entire period. During the 1930s, it is evident that the Coalition Government, comprised of the United Australia Party and Australian Country Party, made attempts to restrict the immigration of Jews into the country. First and foremost, the recent Australian struggle through the Depression meant that the Government was intent on protecting the job security and living standards of the Australian populace. The migration of any foreign immigrants was therefore unpopular due to the threats it placed on the Australian worker. This policy became an excuse for limiting the number of Jewish refugees accepted into Australia and resulted in an increase of the amount of landing money required to five hundred pounds for alien immigrants. This requirement was difficult for the majority of Jewish refugees to satisfy, making their entry into Australia virtually impossible. This policy remained in place until 1936 when the amount required was reduced to two hundred pounds or fifty pounds with a guarantor. Due to the poor economic conditions that had been experienced in Australia throughout the 1930s, the Government was reluctant to increase Jewish migration when so many of the migrants were impoverished, meaning that they would place a further strain on the Australian economy. The Government was also reluctant to permit the entry of a significant number of Jewish refugees due to the belief of their inability to assimilate into Australian society compared with some other cultures. The Government believed that the Jews were a separate race due to their distinctly different religious beliefs and customs and that this would significantly inhibit their assimilation into the Australian population. Australia’s political attitude towards Jewish migration was made clear at the Evian Conference, a meeting for the discussion of Jewish refugees, in June 1938. Australia realised the importance of attending the meeting so as not to gain a bad reputation, however the outcome showed that the Government was unwilling to increase the number of Jewish immigrants into the country. At this international meeting, the Australian representative Colonel T. W. White stressed the idea that Australia did not suffer from internal racial problems and its desire to maintain these peaceful conditions meant that allowing ‘undesirable’ migrants into the country was not an option. Colonel White also made it clear that the Australian Government felt that as a young nation, the importance of maintaining a strong connection with its Anglo-Saxon roots was vital for the growth of the Australian population. At the conference, the nations present most often put forward the case that they had already done what they felt was enough in response to the refugee crisis without undermining the standards of living within their own countries. It was felt however, that due to the vast amounts of free space and low population compared to some other nations, Australia should take a greater role in accepting refugees as the economy would not be as degraded and these refugees had the potential to provide workers needed in primary and secondary industries. Despite the prevalence of this resistance to Jewish migration, it is evident that there was at least one politician who pushed for the Australian Government to accept more refugees. Stanley Bruce, a former Australian Prime Minister who moved to London and became the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom was well known on an international platform due to his appearance at numerous world conferences and meetings as an Australian representative. He pressed for Australia to take a more humanitarian approach to the issue of refugee migration, especially after the Kristallnacht in Germany and Austria in November 1938. He appealed for the Government to increase its quota to 0,000 refugees over a three year period, thereby doubling the 15,000 quota suggested by the Australian Government. With a large increase in the number of applications being made to Australia House for entry into Australia after the Kristallnacht, this number seemed reasonable to Bruce. Instead it was decided in December of 1938 that Australia would accept 15,000 refugees over three years. In comparison with the number of refugees that had been accepted over the past five years, this was a significant increase, however not enough to satisfy the humanitarian plight of Bruce. It is also evident that this quota was never reached as the outbreak of war in 1939 saw the termination of immigration and by this time only 7-8,000 refugees had been accepted into the country. While the Government was developing its policy regarding migration during the 1930s, politicians were under a significant amount of pressure from the Australian public to limit the growth of the Jewish population in Australia. Interestingly, this sentiment was felt from groups in both non-Jewish and Jewish communities in Australia. The Australian Jewish community were opposed to the large influx of Eastern European Jews due to the difference in language spoken which they felt would make it difficult for them to assimilate easily into Australian society with the help of the already established Jewish community. Another fear was that due to the impoverished state of the Jewish refugees, the Australian Jewish community would be burdened by the arrival of the poor refugees and thus their status within society would be diminished. It was also hard to convince the majority of the Australian populace of the benefits of a large migrant intake. It is evident that many Australians felt that the Jewish population would undermine the standards of living as well as pose threats to the security of their jobs, a prominent issue after the hardship of the Depression. There was belief that the Jews were far too distinguishable from the normal ‘Australian way of life’ through the way they dressed, their general behaviour and their religious customs. This sentiment was particularly strong amongst religious groups within Australia. For example a particular Anglican group felt that the Jewish community should not be welcomed on a large scale as their beliefs would challenge the traditional Christian teachings of many Australians. It was also feared that the establishment of a larger Jewish community in Australia may lead to the development of a strong anti-Semitic . movement within Australia. The Australian community was aware of the problems this had created in other nations and was fearful that the same problem would face Australians. Therefore, the preference of the public was for the migration of smaller numbers of Jews, as it was felt they could be more easily assimilated into Australian culture this way. The public resistance to migration was further evinced by the fact that members of the public made requests to the Government to create specific application requirements and toughen selection procedures in order to restrict the numbers of migrants who were able to meet these requirements. Throughout this period Australians were unaware of the atrocities that were to follow during the war period and so their priorities lay with the protection of the economy, maintaining standards of living and ensuring peaceful relations between members of society. Despite this widespread public sentiment, there was some pressure from the media to increase Jewish migration for humanitarian reasons. The Sydney Morning Herald and the West Australian both stressed the need to make a larger contribution to the refugee problem and expressed that Australia was in fact not doing enough to assist the refugees. It is also evident that within some professions, there was encouragement of refugee migration, for example some architects in New South Wales welcomed the arrival of Jewish migrants with an architectural background as they had the potential to bring with them new ideas and thus add to the cultural identity of Australia. However, such opinions were in the minority and there is increasing evidence that the majority of Australians, along with their political counterparts, were sceptical of the Jewish arrival and wished for only particular migrants to be allowed into the country that were non-intrusive and therefore able to assimilate easily. While Jewish migrants that entered Australia during the 1930s did their best to quickly assimilate into Australian society, the outbreak of war in 1939 prevented this from occurring as once more Jewish migrants were seen as aliens who threatened the security of Australia. Throughout the first few months of the war, newspapers around Australia detailed some of the atrocities occurring in Europe against the Jewish population. However by 1940 the large publication of this murderous activity had declined significantly. While the papers still published stories about the treatment of Jews in Europe, the Australian public was largely unaware of the extent of the persecution. With the world at war, Australians were fearful of people who had previous ties with Germany and the Nazis and therefore refugees were termed ‘enemy aliens’. In Britain this led to harsh internment policies of these potential spies, however in Australia the internment policy was more relaxed. It is evident however that even if the refugees were not interned during the war period they were often treated with hostility by other Australians. Jewish communities in Australia also had to deal with frequent police checks and restraints on their freedoms, such as the ability to own a radio. There is evidence to suggest that post-war attitudes to Jewish persons in Australia in many respects mirrored those of the pre-war years. After the direct attack on the Australian mainland during the second half of World War II, Australian Government policy was directed towards increasing the population so as not to leave the vast unoccupied lands in Northern Australia unprotected. For the first time, Australia began to look further than Britain for prospective migrants, although it is apparent that regardless of this, Jewish migration was still looked upon unfavourably. After World War II, both of the major political parties shared a similar view in relation to Jewish migration; that the emphasis should be placed on the arrival of British migrations in preference to any others. The newly appointed Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell’s policy in the early post-war years implied a restriction on Jewish migration. While he had introduced a family reunion scheme in which 2,000 survivors of the Holocaust could be united with family in Australia, this only lasted for a period of twelve months, after which time limitations on Jewish migration were increased. One such example was the limitation of the number of Jewish migrants per ship arriving in Australia to 25% of the total number of people travelling on the ship. The Liberal party policy under the Opposition leader Robert Menzies followed along the same lines as the pre-war policy in that Jewish migration should be kept at a minimum due to the potential for extreme anti-Semitism to develop in Australia and the impact that the migrants may have on Australian standards of living. Under the direction of Calwell, migrants were accepted through the Displaced Persons Scheme. Under this scheme there were 34,890 arrivals into Australia in 1946, of which only 187 were Jews. Of these 187 Jewish arrivals, only 156 were permanent migrants. This is an incredibly low number given the large number of Jewish people that would have been seeking respite after the end of the Holocaust in Europe. A statement regarding the migrant intake in 1946 by Calwell expressed his feelings that the Australian Government had done all that it could at the present time to assist with the post-war refugee problem. He also expressed that the Government was only able to accept refugees that already had family living in Australia with whom they could settle with due to the housing shortage being experienced at the time. The post war attitude of the Australian public towards Jewish migration attitude was also reminiscent of the 1930s period. Australians had developed a fear of foreigners after their close encounter with the Japanese during the second half of World War II. This insecurity led them to believe that Jewish migrants would smuggle opium into the country. The Jews were also criticised for their preference to establish communities within the city as opposed to rural areas where Australians thought migrants would make a more significant contribution to the development of the nation. There were numerous newspapers and magazines which circulated negative opinions towards the post-war migration of Jewish persons to Australia. For example an excerpt from the Bulletin in August 1946 detailed the feelings of many Australians at this time that Jewish migrants should be some of the last ethnic groups considered due to the tendency for them to form ghettoes and compete with Australians for jobs. One public attitude that did change was that of the Australian Jewish community. Instead of looking towards the Jewish refugees as a threat to their social status, after the horrors of the Holocaust, many people were keen to provide as much assistance as possible to the survivors. Therefore the Australian Jewish community were supportive of the Government’s family reunion programme and the seemingly humanitarian plight of Arthur Calwell at this time. Under increasing pressure from the public and other members of Government, Arthur Calwell’s humanitarian position on Jewish migration was changed to restrict Jewish immigration. From 1947 onwards the refugee immigration program ceased to exist and so the ability to migrate to Australia was determined by the suitability of the person for employment in Australia. This change in policy made it increasingly difficult for Jewish people to migrate to Australia as Peter Witting found when he and his family applied to leave Shanghai for Australia in 1947. It is also evident that the Australian Government made false claims that acceptance decisions were made without racial prejudice when the selection committee of the International Refugee Organisation in Australia were secretly told to select only migrants of Baltic background, thereby excluding Jews once again. Overall, it can be seen that Australia’s attitudes towards Jewish migration followed a similar pattern from the 1930s through to the immediate post-war years. The underlying feelings of Australians throughout this period were of anxiety, apprehension and hostility which ultimately impacted on the attitude of Australia towards migrants. The restrictions placed on migration in the 1930s via the quota system and high landing permit costs through to the opinions displayed at the Evian Conference portrayed an image that suggested an Australian fear of Jewish people. These feelings were motivated by the fear of the rise of anti-Semitism in Australia and threats to the security of Australian jobs and standard of living that the public and government believed Jewish migration would pose. These tensions remained during the war when the Government placed restrictions on the freedoms of Jewish people, who were considered a threat to the security of Australia. During the post-war period, despite the fact that there was some effort to increase the numbers of Jewish people entering Australia through Government policy and the support of the Jewish Welfare Society in Australia, the Australian public remained sceptical of the arrivals and the effects they would have on society. The further restrictions placed on Jewish migration after 1946 indicates that minimal changes to political and public opinion were evident over time and that racial prejudice against Jewish migrants still existed after the events of World War II.